An Embryonic English-Ulster Irish Dictionary. Ciarán Ó Duibhín: an leagan seo 2020/03/08 This file is best viewed in a monospaced font, such as Courier New. The purpose of this list is to assist anyone wishing to speak or write in Ulster Irish, and it therefore contains the words used in Ulster. We make no secret about our choice of dialect, unlike dictionaries which claim to be English–Irish dictionaries but are based on other dialects of Irish. Such dictionaries may tell you that the Irish for "smoke" is "deatach" — while the greater number which give precedence, rather than exclusivity, to other dialects may tell you it is "deatach" or "toit", in that order. We will tell you that it is "toit". Nearly all the forms given here are present in Ó Dónaill's Irish-English dictionary, where they are most commonly relegated to the ends of articles as variants of unspecified provenance; or, if included as headwords, they are cross-referred to more southerly forms, again without any statement of provenance. What this list tells you is that they are *Ulster* variants; generally, in fact, the normal forms in Ulster. Besides differences in the choice of Irish word for straightforward English terms, e.g. "smoke," or "minute (of time)", there are also many words used by Donegal writers which have no very direct English equivalent and — for that very reason, possibly — are rarely referenced in English–Irish dictionaries, e.g. "beinn" or "seanadh" or "greadadh". These will be included here too. As well as more-or-less direct equivalents for common words, the list contains a growing number of idioms, that is, examples where the natural Gaelic translation of an English expression may be far from literal. If these natural modes of Gaelic expression are replaced in use by literal translations of English expressions, Gaelic may as well be pronounced dead, even though its words continue to be used with English semantics attached, straight out of the bilingual dictionary. Further examples of the precise usage of Gaelic words suggested by this glossary may be found in the textbase "Tobar na Gaedhilge", of which a download for MS Windows may be obtained from http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~oduibhin/tobar. NTAO: Note the absence of. Translations into Irish found in dialects other than Ulster, but not found, or uncommon, in the Ulster section of "Tobar na Gaedhilge". As a general-purpose English-Irish dictionary, this list would be woefully incomplete, but I hope to make it more complete gradually. Some day it may be usable as a dictionary by itself, but at present I suggest using it as a pre-processor to other dictionaries: if you want information about Ulster Irish, have a look here, then consult any other English-Irish dictionary if nothing is found here. I also intend to examine whether the list may be given a thesaurus structure. A few notes on some Irish lexemes are given at the end. A about prep.: fá, fá dtaobh de we were speaking about it: bhí muid ag caint fá dtaobh de I am concerned about you: tá mé buartha fá dtaobh duit he looked about/around him: d'amharc sé fá dtaobh de NTAO: faoi (means "underneath") absorb v.: (soak up) ól; it had soaked up the sea-water: bhí an sáile ólta aige ability to absorb (take) punishment: acfuinn buailte acclimatised to adj.: acclimatised to heat/hardship: clóidhte leis an teas/chruaidhteán according adv.: according to (to judge by) what I hear: do réir mar chluinim according as (in proportion as) the water rises: do réir mar éireochas an t-uisce ... he is growing old: do réir mar tá an aois ag teacht air according to (depending on) how much of a hurry he is in: do réir mar tá deifir air ... how much he wants to speak to her: do réir mar tá dúil aige bheith ag cainnt léithe ... how I may feel: do réir mar bhuailfeas an talann mé, ... mar thogóras mé, ... mar thiocfas sé de mhian orm account: that's nothing! (that's of no account!): níl dadaidh annsin! on account of [= because of] a woman: mar gheall ar mhnaoi accuse v.: what crime is he accused of?: caidé an choir atá curtha síos dó? ace n.: within an ace of: de dheas go maith do; fá aon do adapt v.: make convenient: deánamh soghail addicted to, adj.: i ngreim ag adjust v.: to adjust the reins: deis a chur ar na sriantaí adjusted to adj.: adjusted to heat/hardship: clóidhte leis an teas/chruaidhteán admit v.: aidmhigh advantage n.: it has an advantage over Gaelic: tá buaidh aici ar Ghaedhilg he would take advantage of you: shuidhfeadh sé in do bhun; ghlacfadh sé buntáiste ort it would give me a little advantage: bhéarfadh sé buntáiste bheag damh afraid adj.: he's not afraid of hard work: níl mórán de bheinn aige ar obair chruaidh after prep.: i ndiaidh against prep.: the current and the wind were against them: bhí sruth is gaoth daor ortha alarm n.: to make someone jump with alarm: stangadh a bhaint as duine almost adv.: chomhair a bheith: he had almost reached the top: bhí sé chomhair a bheith ag bárr ar shéala (also means "purporting to be"): almost ruined, destroyed: ar shéala a bheith millte de dheas do: to be almost as far ahead as he was: bheith de dheas do fhad chun tosaigh leis almost full/empty: de dheas do bheith lán/folamh s.a. close, nearly alone adv.: left alone (of person), deserted: scaithte alone in the world: in m'aon bhocht scaithte to wander/travel alone: ghabháil thart go scaithte animal n.: ainmhidhe, pl. ainmhidheanna ankle n.: múrnán apart adv.: standing apart: scaithte we kept well apart: choinnigh muid scaithte ó chéile the strongest man apart from himself: an fear a ba láidire ach é féin a thógáil as aperture n.: four men entered through the aperture: thainig ceathrar fear isteach ar an pholl appearance n.: (one's outline or general appearance) feagraidheacht (facial appearance) gnúis applause n.: greadadh bos apple n.: ubhla, pl. ubhlaí appointed adj.: (the appointed time/place) an t-am/an áit a dubhradh, a bhí socruighthe, ainmnighthe appointment n.: (job) posta; appointments (i.e. staff) subcommittee: fóchoiste foirne (meeting) ?; (appointments = furnishings) trioc; arrange v.: to arrange flowers: bláthanna a dheisiú; deis a chur ar bhláthanna arrive v.: as I arrived: ag teacht 'un tosaigh domh arrogance n.: uabhar (also: pride), díomas as conj/prep.: just as happened before: dálta mar thárluigh roimhe just as on every other night: dálta gach oidhche eile just like me, just as in my case: mo dhálta féin just as with the farmers, so with the fishermen: tá dálta na dtuathanach ar na hiascairí assessor n.: measadóir attempt n.: at the first attempt: ar an chéad iarraidh he attempted to murder me: thug sé iarraidh mharbhtha orm attend v.: (serve, wait upon, be present in a serving capacity or out of duty) freastal; (be present, eg. at a party, dinner, concert, school) bheith i láthair, bheith ann (I attended school) bhí/chuaidh mé ar scoil (attend to something in one's charge) giollacht: eg. talamh, bárr, móin a ghiollacht - to attend to land, crops, peat; biadh a ghiollacht - to prepare food (to business etc.) aire a thabhairt do attendance n.: (service, e.g. in restaurant) freastal; (presence, e.g. at school) láithreacht (cf. here, present = i láthair) attention n.: he paid too much attention (heed) to them: rinne sé barraidheacht iongantais díobhtha August: Lughnasna authority n.: (proof, justification) urra f4 avoid v.: if he had avoided bad company: dá bhfanadh sé scaithtidhe ar shiubhal ón droch-cuideachta we avoided the main roads: d'fhan muid scaithte amach ón bhealach mhór away adv.: to get away (escape) from sth pursuing or competing: rud a scaitheadh swept/blown etc away: scaithte a flood came and swept the jetty away: tháinig tuile agus scaitheadh an chéidh we have been so long away from home: tá muid an fad sin scaithte ón bhaile if he had been kept away from bad company: dá scaithtidhe ar shiubhal ón droch-cuideachta é B baby-sitter n.: gocamán (so used in Belfast, from Rannafast word for a hen set to hatch another's eggs; in Scotland the word is applied to the bird that hatches the cuckoo's eggs) back out, back down v.: loc he didn't back down from the fight: níor loc sé an troid gabháil ar do chúl i rud stand back: seas amach back n.: to turn one's back on sth: cúl do chinn a thabhairt le rud baker n.: fuinteoir baking n.: fuinteoracht balance n.: (remainder) an chuid eile; an fuighleach bang about v.: he heard it sliding and banging about: chuala sé ag sleamhnú agus ag greadadh é barber n.: bearradóir bark n.: (of tree) cairt barrel n.: usaid (f2), gs. usaide, pl. usaideacha, gpl. usaideach bash v.: being bashed against rocks: ghá ghreadadh in éadan carraigeach batter v.: they were heedless of the sticks they were being battered with: ní rabh beinn acu ar na smaichtíní a rabhthar á ngreadadh leo the two crowds battered one another: ghread an dá scaife a chéile beat v.: beat a drum: droma a ghreadadh beat with a whip/with a stick : greadadh le fuip/le smaichtín; he beat all comers at every skill: ghread sé a dtáinig ós a choinne ag achan cheird; to beat one's hands (in anguish): do bhosa a ghreadadh le tréan buadhartha; his heart beat with sudden joy: bhí a chroidhe ag greadadh le lúthgháir thobann beat it!: gread leat! because: ar an ádhbhar go, cionnas go bee n.: beachóg ("beach" would be mistaken for "beathach") beehive n.: cuirceog behind adv.: to leave someone (eg. a pursuer, a competitor) behind/trailing: duine a scathadh left behind (through inability to keep up): scaithte Belfast: Béal Fearsaid(e) (and so pronounced) bemused adj.: you would be bemused by his talk: chuirfeadh sé ceo ar do chluasa bent adj.: flexed, as of limbs: crupaighthe better adj.: what better man (could there be): cé'r chórtha do dhuine eile (literally) who would be more appropriate as another person it would be better to do it (than not to): ba mhó an leas ná an t-aimhleas é a dheánamh between prep.: eadar bilberry n.: fraochóg NTAO: fraochán (means "a ring ouzel") bittern n.: buinneán bladder n.: (taken from an animal) scrathóg blanket n.: (blanket or travelling rug) cideog horse blanket: cideog capaill blinding adj.: the car headlights were blindingly bright: bhí deallramh millteanach as solais na gcarrannaí [cf Mo Bhealach Féin 96.1] blink v.: caoch blinkers n.: (for a horse) léarógaí blizzard n.: stoirm shneachta blow v.: the door was blown in: greadadh an doras isteach (leis an ghaoith) bold adj.: (daring) dána; (badly-behaved) dolba bother n.: in (quite) a spot of bother: i ngéibheann (chruaidh, trom) bother v.: bad weather doesn't bother us: níl beinn againn ar an doininn he doesn't bother what anyone else thinks: níl beinn aige ar bharamhail aon duine eile boy n.: (pre-teen) gasúr; (teenage) stócach; (any age) buachaill bread n.: oaten bread: arán coirce; wheaten bread: arán cruithneachta; wheat flour and Indian meal (maize) bread: arán buidhe; home-made flour bread (?=soda bread): arán plúir; white shop bread: arán geal break v.: to break someone's grip: greim duine a scathadh break apart v.: when the vessels (which had collided) were broken apart: nuair a scaitheadh na soithigh ó n-a chéile break down v.: the car broke down: chuaidh an carr ó ghléas break free v.: his leg was trapped and he could not break free: bhí a chos gaibhte agus ní thiocfadh leis é fein a scathadh she broke free from his embrace: scaith sí í féin as an tsnaidhm break in v.: broken in (=tamed, of a wild animnal): clóidhte break out v.: to break the sleigh out of the ice: an sléigh a scathadh as an oighreogaigh bright: a bright period between showers: dealán (m1) bristle v.: he was bristling with aggression: bhí an dubh-chuil air brunt n.: they would have to bear the brunt of the work: is ortha a thiocfadh an ceann trom de'n obair bucket n.: bucóid (f2) build v.: to build a house: teach a dheánamh NTAO: tógáil, which means to lift or raise teach a thógáil (ar an dubhshraith): to raise a house (on the foundations) shipbuilding: deánamh luingis bump into v.: they bumped into each other in the dark: greadadh in éadan a chéile sa dorchadas iad bunch n.: (of keys etc.) clibín bush n.: tor (also: a rock, a tower)(pl. tuir), tom business n.: gnaithe busy adj.: gnaitheach C cabbage n.: cabáiste (Donegal); cál (East Ulster) call v.: he called over the secretary: ghoir sé chuige ar an rúnaidhe calm v.: to calm someone down: baint faoi dhuine capable adj.: he is a capable enough person: tá deánamh gnoithe ann capsize v.: the boat capsized: thionntuigh an bád care v.: do you care about me?: an bhfuil beinn agat orm? I couldn't care less about it: is beag mo bheinn air he doesn't care what anyone else thinks: níl beinn aige ar bharamhail aon duine eile to care about your spiritual welfare: beinn a bheith agat ar d'anam careful adj.: careful with money, thrifty: tábhachtach cast v.: the horse cast a shoe: scaith an beathach crúdh castle n.: caisteal (as in Scottish Gaelic) is widespread in place of caisleán; hence Caisteal Uidhilín (Castlewellan), Baile 'n Chaistil (Ballycastle) catch v.: catch your man to be so naive (= he was unlikely to be so naive): beir ar mo dhuine a bheith comh h-amaideach [Mo Bhealach Féin 116.10] cave n.: umhach (f2), pl. umhachaí celebrate v.: ollgháirdeachas a dheánamh cell n.: (in prison) plochóg (f2); aracul (m1), pl. aracuil census n.: sluagh-thaifead centre n.: croidhe; town (city) centre: croidhe a' bhaile (mhóir) chair n.: cathair (pron: caithir) chance n.: opportunity: áimear, pl. áimearacha; faill; to get, take the opportunity: an t-áimear a fhagháil, a ghlacadh to await one's chance: fanacht leis an áimear to pass up/miss one's chance: an t-áimear a leigean thart the first chance I get: an chéad áimear a gheobhas mé every chance you get: achan áimear 'á bhfuighidh tú change v.: you haven't changed (you're just the same as ever): sin mar fuarthas ariamh thú changeable, restive, unstable, variable adj.: luaimneach chatter v.: your teeth chattering with cold: do chár á ghreadadh ar a chéile leis an fhuacht cheese n.: caisí child n.: páiste, leanbh, tachrán (infant) naoidheanán (male child) gasúr (female child) giorsach (children of a person): clann (collective); my children: mo chlann chink n.: (e.g. in side of basket, for gripping) camóg churn v.: churning away: ag greadadh na cuinneoige claim v.: maoidh clan n.: tribe: fine, pl. finidheacha [Me Guidhir Fhearmanagh]; cineadh, pl. cinidheacha clap v.: as quick as you could clap your hands together: fhad is bheitheá ag greadadh do dhá bhos ar a chéile clapping n.: greadadh bos clash v.: their fangs were clashing: bhí a dhá gcár ag greadadh ar a chéile clean v.: (by shaking in water) sruthluigh the rooms (eg. of a hotel) have to be cleaned daily: tá na seomraí le deisiú achan lá clear adv.: he lifted his feet a few inches clear of the ground: thóg sé a chosa cupla órdlach os cionn an urláir it got/worked clear (of an obstruction): scaitheadh é clear off v.: clear off to bed: gread leat a luighe clear up v.: clearing up the house after the meal: ag feistiughadh an toighe i ndiaidh an itheacháin click n.: (of fingers) blasc cliff n.: binn (f2) (pl. beanna) close adv.: close to the place: de dheas don áit so close to death: comh deas sin don bhás close to the truth: de dheas don fhírinne I came close to becoming a sailor: chuaidh mé de dheas do bheith 'mo sheoltóir s.a. almost, nearly cluster n.: (of grapes, people, houses, etc.) clibín clutch n.: a clutch of eggs: éilín a clutch of young birds: ál coated adj.: it was coated with dust: bhí cairt air le deannach [Faoi Chrann Smola] cockle n.: srubhán (Cloch Cheannfhaolaidh); sruán bán (Ros Guill) (cf Alba: strùban) college n.: coláiste (f4) come v.: come: tar — see irregular verb paradigms at end if it comes to that: má théid sé ins na stácaí come upstairs (both speaker and listener at bottom of stairs): rachaimid suas an staighre come upstairs (speaker up, listener down) tar aníos an staighre comet n.: réaltóg a' rubaill [Jane Nic Daeid, Learg na Larcán] common adj: see also plain, poor, inferior, humble composition n.: prose composition: cumadh cainnte concentrate (attention or efforts) on, pursue v.: give priority to: do áird uilig a thabhairt ar concern n.: (friendly interest) beinn an bhfuil beinn agat orm? do you concern yourself about me? connect v.: things (facts) which had been hitherto unconnected/disconnected: rudaí a bhí scaithte ó n-a chéile go dtí seo contemporary adj.: comhthráthamhail control v.: (handle, manage, organize) easy to control: furas a láimhdeachas cook v.: to cook food, a meal: biadh, béile, tráth bídh a ghiollacht cope v.: a boat that can cope with high seas: bád a bhfuil acfuinn ar fhairrge throm aici corner n.: in a tight corner: i ngéibheann a projecting edge or corner: curr cousin n.: comh-ua; they are first cousins: clann an dearthár agus an deirfiúr (etc.) iad; they are second cousins: tá siad an dá ua; they are third cousins: tá siad an dá fhionn-ua; they are fourth cousins: tá siad an dá dhubh-ua; they are first cousins once removed: tá siad clann agus ua; they are second cousins once removed: tá siad ua agus fionn-ua cower v.: he cowered: chnap na guailneacha aige they were cowering around the king: bhí siad ag creafadaigh i dtimcheall an rí crease n.: he had a sharp crease in his trousers: bhí curr ar a bhríste comh géar le béal sgine credit n.: the entire credit is due to him alone: chan dá athrach is cóir a bheith buidheach crest n.: (as opposed to trough) iomaire cricket n.: (insect) crucart (m1), urchuil (f2) crow n.: (hooded crow, scald-crow) feannóg (f2), feannóg charrach (Mac Meanman) crust n.: (a deposited covering) cairt cry v.: he would cry at the slightest reason: bhí an deor de dheas don tsúil aige cup n.: cupa cut v.: to cut one's hair, beard: do ghruag, fhéasóg a bhearradh cut off v.: he would not have let go unless his fingers were cut off: ní leigfeadh se amach a ghreim go scaithtidhe na méara de cut off from the world: scaithte amach ón tsaoghal cut out v.: to cut out the bull from the herd: an tarbh a scathadh ón tréad D danger n.: contabhairt dangerous adj.: a dangerous animal: beathach urchóideach [Mo Bhealach Féin 170.1] dash v.: masses of foam dashing to and fro: cnapannaí cubhair ag greadadh anonn agus anall daughter n.: nighean (f2) day n.: lá, pl. laethe deflect v.: to deflect criticism from someone: maide as uisce a thógáil do dhuine deliberately adv.: that he would deliberately set out with the intention of: go gcuirfeadh sé fá n-a choinne fhéin demanding (of effort) adj.: walking is demanding: tá an siubhal maslach den n.: brocach, broclais depend v.: if my life was depending on it: dá mbéadh mo bhás de gheall leis depending on how much of a hurry he is in: do réir mar tá deifir air depending on how I may feel: do réir mar bhuailfeas an talann mé, mar thogóras mé, mar thiocfas sé de mhian orm deposit n.: (sediment) the first drop of poteen will clean the deposits from the worm: glanfaidh an chéad bhraon den phoitín a' chairt den worm depression n.: (medical) lionndubh, druim-dubhach (topgraphical) losaid descendent n.: iar-ua desert v.: (deserted, of person; left alone) scaithte desolate adj.: (of person or place, remote) scaithte detach v.: scaith a detached stone: cloch scaithte difference n.: duifear dip v.: (to dip sth. and shake it around e.g. in a stream) sruthluigh he cut open the fish, gutted them, dipped them in the sea, and set them roasting on the ashes: sgoilt sé na garbhánaigh, bhain an meanach astu, shrothluigh san fhairrge iad, agus chuir dá rósadh ar an ghríosaigh iad the man who dipped Willy Dubh in the cess-pool: an fear a shruthluigh Willy Dubh san aoileach direct v.: to direct people (guide them, see to their welfare): daoine a ghiollacht dirt n.: griollam; he has the bucket filled with every kind of dirt: tá achan ghriollam níos cáidhighe 'ná a chéile sa bhucóid aige discover v.: (by chance) tar ar (by design) faigh amach, tabhair fá dear discovery n.: (thing discovered) [rud] a dtángthas air, a fuarthas amach, a tugadh fá dear, a bhfuarthas fios (abstract) / lorg (concrete) air (act of discovering) teacht ar, fagháil amach, tabhairt fá dear discuss v.: (the panegyric) was being discussed, under discussion: bhí (an feartlaoi) dhá cárdáil disengage v.: to disengage one's arm (from someone's grip): do sciathán a scathadh disguise v.: (a disguised doorway) doras ceilte, foluighthe dislike n.: it would give you a dislike for poetry: chuirfeadh sé fuath na filidheachta fút dislocate v.: to dislocate his arm: a sciathán a scathadh as a ghualainn dislodge v.: a stone became dislodged: scaitheadh cloch dispense v.: dispense a prescription: oideas a ullmhú prescriptions dispensed: ullmhuighthear oidis; NOT oidis ullmhuighthe! dissolve v.: Darby isn't made of salt, that a shower of rain would melt him: ní salann é mar Dhiarmaid, ní léighfidh cioth fearthanna é [Lisín 30.23] distress n.: géibheann divide up v.: rann (vn. rann) doctor n.: doctúir (m3), gs. doctúra, pl. doctúirí dog n.: madadh (m1) gs. madaidh, pl. madaidhthe; cú dogfish n.: madadh scadán donkey n.: asal (f2) downpour n.: a sudden localised downpour, thunderplump: bailc (f2) gpl. balcann; also balc drag v.: dragging his feet as if he could not lift them off the ground: a' tarraingt na gcos mar nach mbéadh sé ábalta iad a scathadh ó'n talamh draught n.: (a drink) he drank an ample draught from it: d'ól sé tarraingt a chinn as draw v.: (pull) tarraing; (sketch) tarraing; ... she drew back her head (on being noticed): chrup sí a ceann [Almayer's Folly] dribbling n.: (from mouth) pislíneacht drive v.: he drove the horse through the water: ghread sé an capall trasna fríd an uisce drive out v.: they were driven out of the town: greadadh amach as an bhaile iad drop v.: to drop one's pursuers/competitors: an tóir/an chuid eile a scathadh E earth n.: (animal's den) brocach, broclais (clay) úr, créafóg earthworm n.: cuiteog economical adj.: an economical housekeeper: bean toighe thábhachtach chríonna edge n.: a projecting edge or corner: curr ar churr an dreisiúir, na cathaoire, na beinne: on the edge of the dresser, chair, cliff bhí an bonn ag imtheacht ar a churr: the coin was rolling on its edge edit v.: (in computing) deisigh elation n.: ollgháirdeachas embarrassment n.: aithmhealtas emphasis n.: teann (?) encouragement n.: uchtach (f2) enemy n.: námha/námhaid (f) gs. na námhad or an námhad; ds. námhaid; npl. naimhde; gpl. námhad or náimhde; dpl. náimhde or náimhdibh) England: Sasain (gs. Sasana); sometimes pronounced Seasain enough adv.: go leor (exx. dona go leor, go leor fearthainne) enthousiasm n.: he became full of enthusiasm: dar leat gur las grian eile ar an aer dó [Mo Bhealach Féin 91.1] establish v.: its fame has been firmly established: tá a cliú curtha ar thalamh slán ever adv.: (in the past) ariamh; (in the future) a choidhche exact adj.: that's what it's worth, to the exact penny: sin an méid is fiú é, go fiú na pighinne exaggeration n.: aidhbhéil examine v.: while the doctor was examining him: fhad is bhí an doctúir ghá láimhdeachas he examined the medal lovingly: rinne sé an bonn a láimhdeachas go gradamach exception n.: the strongest man with the exception of Seán: an fear a ba láidire ach Seán a thógáil as exchange blows v.: exchanging blows in the midst of the fair: ag greadadh a chéile i lár an aonaigh exclude v.: don't take the pledge (for Lent) without excluding St Patrick's Day from it: ná cuir an pledge ort féin gan Lá Fhéil' Pádruig a thógáil as the strongest man excluding (ie. apart from) Seán: an fear a ba láidire ach Seán a thógáil as exertion, effort, pain n.: it was an exertion/painful to walk: chan gan masla a shiubhail mé walking demands pain/effort: tá an siubhal maslach expect v.: you don't expect sunshine without shadow: chan dual grian gan scáile (North Antrim) expose v.: (uncover) fág ris exposed adj.: (uncovered) ris F fable n.: uirscéal (not to be confused with úrscéal, a neologism for a novel) face n.: aghaidh; (of a hill, of a cube etc.) éadan (facial appearance) gnúis he was making faces with the pain: bhí cár air ar mhéad na greadfaighe factory n.: monarchain fail v.: (she failed) ní dheachaidh léithe; (she failed in it) d'fheall sé uirthi; sháirigh sé uirthi I failed the exam: d'fheall an scrúdú orm fall v.: tuit the leaves had fallen: bhí na duilleogaí scaithte fall apart v.: the coffin fell apart: scaith an chónair fame n.: cliú family n.: (immediate) teaghlach; (extended family, relatives) muinntir, bunadh; (children only) clann famous adj.: cliúiteach far: I'd rather by far: b'fhearr liom go mór you're far astray (wrong, mistaken): tá tú go mór ar an tseachrán laughter and sadness were never far apart with him: bhí an brón de dheas don gháire aige faultiness n.: its equal for faultiness: a mhacasamhail le h-olcas favour n.: (to do someone a favour) sochar a dheánamh do dhuine fear n.: eagla (respectful fear) beinn he has no fear of God: chan fhuil beinn aige ar Dhia he has no fear of hard work: chan fhuil beinn aige ar obair chruaidh no fear! (as on car sticker): beag 'e bheinn! (fear of the supernatural) uaigneas feathers (coll.), plumage: cluimhreach (fem), gs. cluimhrighe feel v.: this place doesn't feel right: tá rud éighinteacht fá'n áit seo nach bhfuil sona fiction n.: cumraidheacht fiddler n.: (violin player) fidileoir field n.: páirc: pasture field; páirc na peile, the football field; páirc an aonaigh, the fair-ground; páirc an áir, the battlefield cuibhreann: individual enclosed field, bearing crops? gort: rare outside of place-names, eg. Gort an Choirce, Gort Lios Saighead; has been used to translate "clearing", "plantation", "paddy-field"; "fíon-ghort", vineyard; "ubhall-ghort", orchard found in Mac Meanman — "i ngort nó ar chnoc" (contrasted), "i ngort agus i ngarraí" (reduplication?) "tá an coimhthigheach in do ghort", "caoirigh le cur i ngort", "tá do ghort romhartha", "go bhfásaidh eorna in do ghort" "dún agus gort", "lios agus gort": deir Niall Ó Domhnaill gurab ionann "gort" agus "garraí arbhair a rabh claí cloch air" (Glúnta Rosannacha lch 13) seems to mean the whole of the cultivated land belonging to a fort or farm, probably enclosed, as opposed to "cnoc" fight n.: they saw the running fight: chonnaic siad na sgaiteacha a fight developed: thoisigh an greadadh file n.: (for wearing away metal etc.) oighe chumalta finger v.: (handle idly) don't finger the goods: ná deántar na hearraí a láimhdeachas fire n.: teinidh (f5), gs. teineadh, pl. teinte fire v.: to fire a gun at them: gunna a ghreadadh orthu fit to adj.: capable of the cheer was fit to knock the two sides of the glen together: ba dual de'n gháir sin dhá thaoibh an ghleanna a ghreadadh ar a chéile fix v.: to fix (mend, repair) something: deis a chur ar rud to fix up (tidy up) something: deis a chur ar rud to fix (arrange, tidy) the carpet: an brat urláir a dheisiú to fix one's hair: deis a chur ar do chuid gruaige I will fix you! (threat): cuirfidh mise deis ort! flail v.: he started failing out madly: thoisigh sé a ghreadadh gan stuaim gan réasún flake n.: (snowflake) bratóg sneachta flapping: ag creafadaigh flash v.: (blink) caoch flat adj.: (a thin flat object, as a stone, or a rolled metal sheet) leac, pl leacacha, gpl leacach [An Grádh agus an Ghruaim 60] flea n.: dearnaid flexible adj.: (supple) umhal flood n.: tuilidh flourish n.: every letter had so many flourishes: bhí oiread casaidheacha i ngach aon leitir aca flower n.: (referring to whole plant, e.g. wild flower) lus (the flowering part) bláth fluttering: (of a flag) ag creafadaigh fly v.: the sound of a flock of swans flying by: an trup a bhéadh ag scaoith eala agus iad ar eiteógaigh foot n.: I managed to get to my feet: fuair mé na cosa liom for prep.: ar: (he sold it for a pound) dhíol sé ar phunnta é (for your own good) ar mhaithe leat féin ar shon: (for [the sake, benefit, relief of] the cause) ar shon na cúise (for fun) ar shon grinn ([in exchange or compensation] for) ar shon (for [in support of]) ar shon: labhair sé ar mo shon (on my behalf) ag/do: (he was fullback for Donegal) bhí sé mar lán-chúlaí ag Tír Chonaill/do Thír Chonaill fá choinne: (I went to the shop for milk) chuaidh mé 'un a' tsiopa fá choinne bainne le: (for a year [past]) le bliadhain go cionn: (for a year [to come]) go cionn bhliadhna forfeit n.: (financial penalty for non-completion) cáin loctha form n.: a figure made in the form of a giant: dealbh a bhí déanta i gcló fathaigh the thing which imposed form on the size: an rud a thug deis agus cuimireacht don toirt to give my narrative a good form: deis a chur ar mo sheanchas fox n.: sionnach (m1), madadh ruadh (m1) free adj.: it got/worked free (of an obstruction): scaitheadh é free v.: (when the tide rose) the (grounded) boat freed itself: scaith an bád í féin fright n.: to make someone jump with fright: stangadh a bhaint as duine frog n.: fliuchán (m1) frown n.: he had a frown on his face: bhí ruic ar a éadan (with irritation) mí-stá (a dheánamh ar dhuine); gnoig (f) (with worry) gruaim-amharc; trom-ghnúis frown v.: (in puzzlement) do mhailidheacha a chrupadh frugal adj.: a frugal housekeeper: bean toighe thábhachtach chríonna furniture n.: trioc furze, gorse: aitinneach (f2) G garden n.: garraí, pl. garrantacha gardener n.: garrantóir (m3) gather up v.: (coil up, as of a length of rope) córn genes n.: it was in his genes, v. inherit Germany n.: an Ghearmáilte get v.: get away (escape) from sth gripping or pursuing one: rud a scaitheadh I've got you now (= now I understand what you mean): tá tú agam anois girl n.: (pre-teen) giorsach (f2), pl. giorsachaí; (any age) cailín (m4) give up v.: (stop using, e.g. cigarettes) stad de glove n.: miotóg (f2), pl. miotógaí go v.: go: téidh — see irregular verb paradigms at end go on about sth: canstan leat ar rud let go of sth: rud a leigin amach gone (swept away etc, of something which had been fixed): scaithte gorse, furze n.: aitinneach (f2) grand adj.: the least grand among them: an ceann a ba táire acu grandchild n.: ua granddaughter n: see grandchild grandfather n.: athair mór grandmother n.: máthair mhór; (familiar) móraidhe grandson n.: see grandchild gratitude n.: (sense of indebtedness) seanadh there's (his) gratitude for you! (ironical): nárbh olc an seanadh a bhí ann! gravel n.: scaineagán; gairbhéal gravestone n.: (horizontal) leac; (vertical) tumba great-grandchild n.: fionn-ua great-grandfather n.: gar-athair great-great-grandchild n.: dubh-ua great-great-grandfather n.: dubh-athair greatly adv.: I'd greatly prefer it: b'fhearr liom go mór é I enjoyed it greatly: thaitin sé go mór liom it annoyed me greatly: ghoill sé go mór orm group n.: small group of people, e.g. standing around or walking together: cuifeallán growl n.: (of dog) gnúsachtach grown-up adj.: he is grown-up: tá sé i mbun a mhéid guess n.: my guess proved correct: char mheath mo bharamhail orm guide v.: to guide people (see to their welfare): daoine a ghiollacht gunwale n.: (of currach) garmain; with only his head visible above the gunwale of the currach: gan ann acht go rabh a chloigeann a ris os cionn gharmain a' churaigh; béalbhach H hammer v.: the rain hammering against the windows: an fhearthainn ag greadadh in éadan na bhfuinneog hammering n.: (on a door) greadadh handle vn.: láimhdeachas (used abstractly) to handle the matter: na gnoithe a láimhdeachas (to manoeuvre, eg. an awkward or fragile object) careful handling: láimhdeachas faithchilleach (to handle/control an animal) to handle a horse: capall a láimhdeachas (to manoeuvre/control/manage/organize, eg. an army unit, a crowd) easily handled: furas a láimhdeachas (to use/manipulate/work/operate, eg. a tool, a weapon, a literary form) he knows how to handle a gun: tuigeann sé an dóigh le gunna a láimhdeachas (to finger, eg. books, cloth, displayed goods) please don't handle the goods: ná deántear na hearraí a láimhdeachas (to treat roughly) they submitted without complaint to the rough handling: ghlac siad go humhal leis an láimhdeachas handy adv.: manually skilful, dextrous: deagh-lámhach useful: sásta; it will come in handy: gheobhaidh tú úsáid dó; is maith agat é, béidh sé sásta agat to have sth handy, at hand: rud a bheith fá'n láimh agat nearby: somewhere handy: áit éighinteacht de chomhair láimhe happen v.: tarluigh happy adj.: séanmhar (sona = lucky) hard adj.: (to touch) cruaidh (difficult) doiligh hardy adj.: (hardy, tough) righin cats are hardy: tá an cat righin (Learg na Larcán) harness n.: (for a horse) ugham head first: he threw himself head first into bed: chuaidh sé ar mhullach a chinn isteach ins a' leabaidh heap n.: moll a heap of clay (e.g. beside a hole dug in the ground): mullóg créafóige area raised in comparison to surroundings (as of filled grave): mullóg a "heap" of a mountain: mullóg shléibhe hedge n.: claidhe tom; whitethorn hedge: claidhe sceach; furze hedge: claidhe aitinnighe heed n.: beinn heedless adj.: they were heedless of the sticks they were being beaten with: ní rabh beinn acu ar na smaichtíní a rabhthar á ngreadadh leo heel n.: sáil/sál (f), pl. sála or sálta (often sálaibh in dpl, often sál in gpl) he turned on his heel: thionntuigh sé ar a sháil to follow at someone's heels: bheith ins na sála(ibh) ag duine he took to his heels: thug sé do na bonnaí é, d'imthigh sé 'na rith help n.: cuidiú (cf Alba: cuideachadh) help v.: cuidigh (cf Alba: cuidich) high adj.: (of elevation) árd; (of sound) high-pitched: géar; high-volume, loud: árd hill n.: (a small mountain) cnoc; behind the hills: ar chúl na gcnoc (an elevated site) árd; he built a house on the hill: rinne sé teach ar an árd (an incline on a road, a brae) malaidh, gs. na maladhcha, pl. malaidheacha wait at the top of the hill: fan ag bárr na maladhcha hint n.: lideadh hip n.: scoróg hit against v.: (of a person hanged) his heels were hitting against the door: bhí a dhá sháil ag greadadh an dorais to hit one's head against a wall: do chloigeann a ghreadadh in éadan an bhalla hogshead n.: usaid (f), gs. usaide, pl. usaideacha, gpl. usaideach honest adj.: ionnraice hop n.: túslóg; pl. túslógaí hopping: ag túslógacht horse n.: gearrán, each. Note that capall means a mare. house n.: teach (m2), gs. toighe, ds. toigh, pl. toighthe, gpl. toighthe/toightheach how? interrog.: caidé mar? huddled adj.: (sitting or lying huddled) crupuighthe humble adj.: (unpretentious, of an object) the humblest of them: an ceann is táire aca humility n.: díombród [Dá mbíodh Ruball ar an Éan] hurry n.: deifre hypocrite n.: they are hypocrites: tá an béal a' milleadh an anama acu I ice n.: oighreogach (pron. eireogach) (f2) the ice was broken (including figurative use): bhí briste ar an oighreogaigh iceberg: cnap oighreogaighe [Castar na Daoine] cf. éireog, ice (Co Derry, CS 17/08/1901 358) NTAO: leac oighre Iceland pn.: Inis Tuile (cf Alba: Innis Tile) NTAO: Íoslainn impetuous adj.: tobann imply v.: what was he implying? caidé bhí faoi sin aige? important adj.: mór; I deem it important: is mór liom é; an important person, an important question, important news: duine mór, ceist mhór, scéal mór an important (ie. useful) person/thing: duine/rud tairbheach/úsáideach a person/thing of importance (ie. value or status): duine/rud mór-luachach/úimleáideach a person of importance (ie. status): duine céimeamhail an important (ie. necessary) thing: rud riachtanach important (ie. rich in consequences) news: scéal suimeamhail/trom-chúiseach useful, beneficial: tairbheach impulsive adj.: (of person) tobann; taodach in prep.: say it in Irish: abair é i nGaedhilg NTAO: as Gaeilge ("as" in this usage is native to Munster only) incorrigible adj.: thaire stiúradh indifferent adj.: (unconcerned) to be indifferent to sth.: beag 'e bheinn a bheith agat ar rud induce v.: (persuade) nothing could induce me to do it: ní thiocfadh le rud ar bith mé a chlódhadh lena dheánamh industrious adj.: tábhachtach infant n.: naoidheanán infer v.: what I mean, what I am inferring: an rud atá mé a mhaoidheamh do you mean that, are you inferring that: an é an rud atá tú ag maoidheamh go inferior adj.: an inferior race to his own: dream ba táire 'ná a dhream féin infuriate v.: it infuriated me: chuir sin mé féin i mbarr mo chéille inherit v.: he had an inherited tendency to gout: bhí an gúta dúthchasach aige [Lisín 39.32] insight n.: tuigse insult n.: achmhusán (?) interest n.: (curiosity) suim (finance) ? interesting adj.: suimeamhail inured to adj.: inured to heat/hardship: clóidhte leis an teas/chruaidhteán irritate v.: it irritated me: chuir seo mise ar mo churr [Mo Bhealach Féin 215.1] isolated adj.: (of person or place) scaithte Italy n.: an Eadáilte, an Iodáil Italian adj: Eadálach, Iodálach Italian n: Eadálach, Iodálach (person); Eadáilis, Iodáilis (language) item n.: ball de liosta J jackdaw n.: cág (m) jaw n.: my jaw dropped (with surprise): leath an béal orm judgement n.: my judgement proved correct: char mheath mo bharamhail orm jumble n.: cunamar jump v.: to make someone jump with fright: stangadh a bhaint as duine junction n.: (of rivers etc.) cumar; (a railway fork) gabhal; (a road junction) you will come to a junction on your left: tiocfaidh tú fhad le bealach ar thaobh na láimhe clí; (a motorway interchange) bealach síos/suas junk n.: cunamar jury n.: I was a member of the jury: bhí mé ar dhuine de lucht an ghoiste just adj.: (exactly) just as happened before: dálta mar thárluigh roimhe just as on every other night: dálta gach oidhche eile just like me, just as in my case: mo dhálta féin just as with the farmers, so with the fishermen: tá dálta na dtuathanach ar na hiascairí K keep apart v.: we kept well apart: choinnigh muid scaithte ó chéile keep away from v.: if he had been kept away from bad company: dá scaithtidhe ar shiubhal ón droch-cuideachta é we kept away from the main roads: d'fhan muid scaithte amach ón bhealach mhór keep going v.: ghread sé leis: he kept on, kept going, continued, persevered keep up v.: to keep up (maintain) one's children: deis a chur ar do chlann kick out v.: (horse) it kicked out with its hind legs: ghread sé leis na cosa deiridh kind n.: (variety) cineál, seórt kind adj.: cineálta kind adv.: (kind of + adj.) cineál, seórt kitchen n.: cisteanach (f), gs cisteanaighe/cisteanadh, ds cisteanaigh, pl cisteanacha knitting n.: cleiteáil [Na Rosa]; cniotáil [Gleann Fhinne, Gaoth Dobhair] knock v.: knocking on the loft floor beneath me: ag greadadh ar an lafta fúm knock together v.: the cheer was fit to knock the two sides of the glen together: ba dual de'n gháir sin dhá thaoibh an ghleanna a ghreadadh ar a chéile knocking n.: (on a door) greadadh know v.: what does he know about it? (ie. he knows nothing about it): caidé a fhios aige-san? L lack v.: it was not that he lacked a reason for it: chan díth nach rabh a adhbhar aige not that he was lacking in stature: chan díth nach rabh méid chomhthrom ann lair n.: brocach, broclais land n.: Oisín in the land of youth: Oisín i dTír na hÓige lane n.: cabhsa language n.: teangaidh (f), gs. teangtha, pl. teangthacha; concise and forceful language: cainnt bheacht bhríoghmhar aithghiorrach languish v.: it was languishing: bhí sí ar chúl éaga lash v.: she gave him a tongue-lashing: ghread sí é lena teangaidh; being lashed with the whip: á ghreadadh leis an fhuip last adj.: one last time, game: uair, cluiche amháin eile Latin (or Roman) script: litreacha Béarla law n.: dligheadh (m), gs dlighidh lawn n.: léana (m), faithche (f) lawyer n.: dlighteoir (m3) lay v.: to lay the table (for a meal): deis (proinne) a chur ar an tábla layer n.: thin layer (as of dust): cairt lean v.: he leaned back in his chair: leig sé a dhruim siar le cúl na cathaoire learning n.: léigheann (m1) leave v.: to leave behind/leave trailing one's pursuers/competitors: an tóir/an chuid eile a scathadh to leave behind/sail past Rinn Chliabháin (a fixed landmark): Rinn Chliabháin a scathadh leg n.: a three-legged stool: stól thrí gcos let v.: a room to let: seomra le suidhe let down v.: to let someone down: fealladh ar dhuine let go v.: let go of something: rud a leigin amach let go of it!: leig amach é! lift v.: tóg he lifted his glass: thóg sé a ghloine he could not lift his arm: ní tháinig leis a sciathán a thógáil the ship was lifted clean out of the water: tógadh an long amach glan as an uisce I raised/lifted my head/eyes: thóg mé mo cheann I lifted my hands to my ears: chuir mé mo lámha ar mo chluasa Lift it on to the table: cuir ar an tábla é I lifted myself on tiptoe: d'éirigh mé ar bhárr mo chos the mist lifted: d'éirigh an ceo dragging his feet as if he could not lift them off the ground: a' tarraingt na gcos mar nach mbéadh sé ábalta iad a scathadh ó'n talamh like v.: I liked going there: b'aite liom a ghoil annsin like conj/prep.: just as (like) happened before: dálta mar thárluigh roimhe just like (as on) every other night: dálta gach oidhche eile just like me, just as in my case: mo dhálta féin just as with the farmers, so with the fishermen: tá dálta na dtuathanach ar na hiascairí linoleum n.: línín leathair [Indé agus Indiu, 88] lip n.: liobar (m1), gs. liobair, pl. liobra puisín (m4), gs. id., pl. puisíní not liopa, which is a flap, fold, crease, fringe, etc. liopa cluaise: ear-lobe bhí liopaí faoi na súile aige; his eyes were pursed his name was on everyone's lips: bhí a ainm i mbéal achan duine litter n.: a litter of young animals or birds: ál lone adj.: (standing apart) scaithte a lone wolf: mac tíre scaithte loneliness n.: (nostalgia) cumhaidh loner n.: fear scaithte long adv.: he wouldn't be long taking advantage of you: shuidhfeadh sé in do bhun a fhad agus bheithfeá ag ceangal do bhróige look v.: amharc, dearc look out! coimheád! faithchill! ainic! tabhair de d'aire! look out to your left: faithchill do chlé look forward v.: (expecting sth, with positive feelings) [more work needed here] looking forward to the holidays: ag feitheamh/fanacht (go cruaidh) leis an laethe saoire something to look forward to: rud le bheith ag feitheamh/fanacht leis she is wildly looking forward to seeing it: tá oiread lúthgháire uirthi ag smaointiú go bhfeicfidh sí é (awaiting sth with positive feelings, neutral re expectation) ag súil le *hoping for a miracle: ag súil le míorbhailt looking forward to a just solution: ag súil le réidhteach chóir (expecting sth, neutral re feelings) ag dúil le looking forward to being a master/servant: ag dúil le bheith 'do mhaighistir/sheirbhiseach looking forward to a pleasant/dull evening: ag dúil le tráthnóna deas/marbh soon I'd begin to look forward to the next time: roimh i bhfad thoisighinn a dhúil leis an dara cuairt (positive) anxiously looking forward to: ag dúil leis go himnidheach (negative) I look forward to them with dread: tá eagla orm beith ag tarraingt orthu *expecting a phone call: ag dúil le scairt gutháin (looking ahead, no specific event, neutral re feelings) ag amharc romhat, ag dearcadh chun tosaigh they are not satisfied with looking forward: ní leor leo a bheith ag amharc rompu looking forward with dismay: ag amharc (romhat) go crith-eaglach (negative feelings) if I can't look forward I can look back: mur dtig liom amharc romham, thig liom amharc in mo dhiaidh look up v.: without looking up from the book he was reading: gan a cheann a thógáil as an leabhar lose v.: the horse lost a shoe: scaith an beathach crúdh he lost a button off his coat: scaitheadh cnaipe dá chóta he lost his grip on the oar: scaith a ghreim ar an rámha to lose one's pursuers: an tóir a scathadh they got lost (through inability to keep up with others): scaitheadh iad lot n.: what a lot of small buttons: a leithéid de amharc murlán beag loud adj.: árd low adj.: íseal; (of sound) domhain (íseal = soft, quiet) loyalty n.: (sense of indebtedness to one's own people, or to a benefactor) seanadh lucky adj.: sona. (happy = séanmhar) iascaire iongantach sona = a fisherman who is always lucky. lunge n.: urróg lurch n.: urróg M made of: Darby isn't made of salt, that a shower of rain would melt him: ní salann é mar Dhiarmaid, ní léighfidh cioth fearthanna é [Lisín 30.23] maggot n.: cnumhóg magpie n.: meagadán breac, snag breac, préachán breac maiden n.: maighdean (ban., gs. maighdeana) make v.: (persuade) nothing could make me do it: ní thiocfadh le rud ar bith mé a chlódhadh lena dheánamh manage v.: I managed to shake them (the pursuers) off: chuaidh agam a scathadh how did you manage to remove the letters from it: Caidé mar chuaidh agat na leitreacha a bhaint as? (handle, control, organize) easy to manage: furas a láimhdeachas manipulate v.: (handle, use) easy to manipulate: furas a láimhdeachas manoeuvre v.: to manoeuvre his horse: a chapall a láimhdeachas careful manoeuvring: láimhdeachas faithchilleach (handle, control, organize) easy to manoeuvre: furas a láimhdeachas many adv.: so many small buttons: a leithéid de amharc murlán beag map n.: (chart) cairt, cairt iúil mare n.: capall (m1) master v.: (bring under control) smachtú; (gain understanding of) ... meal n.: we were given a meal: cuireadh 'un bídh sinn clearing up the house after the meal: ag feistiughadh an toighe i ndiaidh an itheacháin mean v.: (refer to) what I mean, what I am referring to: an rud atá mé a mhaoidheamh do you mean that, are you inferring that: an é an rud atá tú ag maoidheamh go (a problem)it meant no more to me than...: cha rabh beinn agam air ach oiread le ... see also: imply mean adj.: (plain, simple, humble, poor, unpretentious) as mean an example as I have seen: sampla comh táir is a chonnaic mé measured adj.: as measured, regular as the ticking of a clock: comh tomhaiste le buillí cluig mend v.: to mend something: deis a chur ar rud mild adj.: mild weather: aimsir bhog miller n.: muilteoir mind v.: (look out) faithchill mind to your left: faithchill do chlé (resent) he doesn't mind bad weather: níl beinn aige ar an doininn why should he mind it?: cár mhiste leisean é? mindful adj.: to be mindful of your spiritual welfare: beinn a bheith agat ar d'anam minute n.: bomaite (m4) miserable adj.: (poverty-stricken) deileoir missing adj.: he had a button missing from his coat: bhí cnaipe scaithte de n-a chóta mistaken: unless I'm (greatly) mistaken: sin nó tá mise meallta; mur bhfuil mé meallta/amudha/contráilte/cearr/i bhfad ar seachrán/i bhfad ó'n fhírinne; mur bhfuil seachrán orm; má tá an ceart agam modesty n.: díombród [Dá mbíodh Ruball ar an Éan] monster n.: arrachta (m4) (Caighdeán: arracht) month f.: mí, gs. míosa, pl. míosaí or míosanna a couple of months: cupla mí for (during) a month: go cionn míosa, ar feadh míosa in a month's time, after a month: i gcionn míosa more: more than half of my money was spent: bhí an leath a ba mhó de mo chuid airgid caithte [Mo Bhealach Féin 169.2] mother n.: máthair (ban., gs. máthara, pl. máithreachaí) mountains n.pl.: (range, ridge, watershed) droimshliabh Derryveagh Mountains: Droimshliabh Dhoire Bheithe cruacha (Na Cruacha Gorma, Cruacha Mhic Giolla Choda) beanna (Na Beanna Boirche, Na Beanna Beola) movement n.: I was incapable of making the slightest movement: ní thiocfadh liom cor ná bogadh a chur díom mower n.: bearradóir; lawn mower: bearradóir léana, bearradóir faithche much adv.: did he hurt you much? ar ghortuigh sé go mór thú I'd much prefer: b'fhearr liom go mór N namesake n.: your namesake: fear/bean d'ainm near adv.: near the time: de dheas don am nearly adv.: chomhair a bheith: nearly at the top: chomhair a bheith ag bárr de dheas do: nearly a year: de dheas do bhliadhain nearly a mile: de dheas do mhíle nearly asleep: de dheas do bheith ina chodladh dead or nearly so: marbh nó de dheas dó s.a. almost, close need v.: (with negative) you need not: cha leigeann tú leas; níl fiachadh ort neighbour n.: comharsanach (m1), pl. comharsanaigh nephew n.: garmhac (Faoi Chrann Smola 48, 80; Eachtraí Sherlock Holmes 436; Éire agus Éireannaigh 81) nest n.: nead (f2), gs. n(e)ide, ds. n(e)id, pl. neadracha nettle n.: cúl faithche never adv.: neg. with: (in the past) ariamh; (in the future) a choidhche new adj.: úr (preferred to "nua") nip n.: a nip in the morning air: greadfach dheileoir ins an mhaidin nothing: that's nothing! (that's of no account!): níl dadaidh annsin! notice v.: tabhair fá dear nudge n.: to give someone a nudge: bruideadh a thabhairt do dhuine O obdurate adj.: cadránta obstinate adj.: dáigh offer v.: tairg, vn. tairgint, tairgean on adv.: from that day on(wards): ón lá sin amach one of us: he's not one of us: ní dár gcaoirigh é [Mo Bhealach Féin 114.8] only: you won't be the only one (like that): ní bhéidh tú leat féin mar sin open v.: foscail, vn. foscladh operate v.: (handle, use, work) easy to operate: furas a láimhdeachas opinion n.: baramhail NTAO: tuairim (uncommon, except in "tuairim 's ar", "fá thuairim", "fá dtuairim", all meaning "approximately") opportunity n.: faill (f2); the slightest opportunity: faill na feannóige áimear, pl. áimearacha to get, take the opportunity: an t-áimear a fhagháil, a ghlacadh to await one's chance: fanacht leis an áimear to pass up/miss one's chance: an t-áimear a leigean thart the first chance I get: an chéad áimear a gheobhas mé every chance you get: achan áimear 'á bhfuighidh tú orange adj.: buidhe ("orange" is not a basic colour concept in Gaelic, and "oráiste" is not a colour term; objects of this hue would be classed as "buidhe" or "dearg"); green white and orange: glas, bán agus buidhe orange n.: oráiste Orangeman n.: Fear Buidhe order n.: in the order in which they are here named: de réir mar tá a n-ainmneacha i ndiaidh a chéile annseo organize v.: (handle, control, manage) easy to organize: furas a láimhdeachas out adv.: (of flowers etc) the gorse is out: tá an aitinneach fá bhláth outsider n.: he's an outsider: ní dár gcaoirigh é overestimate v.: he overestimated their importance: rinne sé barraidheacht iongantais díobhtha owl n.: ulchabhán, mulcán; ceann-cait; cailleach oidhche; scréachóg P pack-horse n.: lód-chapall; capall lódaidheachta page n.: duilleog (scrap of paper) liarlóg pain n.: pain (f2), pl. péine; rheumatism: pian chnámh, pian na gcnámh making faces with the pain: cár air ar mhéad na greadfaighe palpitating: ag creafadaigh panic n.: scaol panting n.: (as of dog after running): anál árd gáibhtheach parish n.: paróiste (f4) the parish priest: sagart na paróiste part n.: (one of two parts, not necessarily equal) leath bhí an leath a ba mhó de mo chuid airgid caithte [Mo Bhealach Féin 169.2] participate v.: he fully participated in the conversation: bhí a chuid den chomhrádh aige pass v.: (hand over) (cuir) chuig; (overtake)...; (excrete)...; they sailed past Rinn Chliabháin: scaith siad Rinn Chliabháin patch n.: (of colour, on animal, rock etc.) scead (on cloth, to mend it) preabán, paiste pattern n.: the Roman pattern: deis na Róimhe penalty n.: (financial) cáin (punishment, sanction) cáipís (f) penny n.: pighinn (f), gs. pighne, pl. pighneacha persuade v.: nothing could persuade me to do it: ní thiocfadh le rud ar bith mé a chlódhadh lena dheánamh pick n.: there is not a pick (of flesh) on him: níl sgil na bhfiach air picture n.: pioctúir (m3); gs. pioctúra, pl. pioctúirí, gpl. pioctúirí/pioctúireach plain adj.: (plain speaking) cainnt dhíreach (simple, unpretentious) something plainer would do: dheánfadh rud a ba táire gnoithe platform n.: leibheann pleasant adv.: aite I liked going there: b'aite liom a ghoil annsin pleasure n.: fun, relaxation: aiteas (m1) plough n.: seisreach poor adj.: (plain, simple, humble, unpretentious) I have not seen a poorer example: ní fhaca mé sampla a ba táire ná sin position n.: we were not in a position to do that: ní rabh deis orainn sin a dheánamh potato n.: preáta (Donegal), préata (East Ulster) [CHECK!] prepare v.: preparing the giant to speak: ag cur an fhathaigh i ngléas cainnte to prepare the table (for a meal): deis (proinne) a chur ar an tábla press v.: he pressed a small white button with his thumb: leag sé a ordóg ar chnaipe bheag gheal pretentious adj.: something less pretentious would do: dheánfadh rud a ba táire gnoithe primitive adj.: (inferior) a race more primitive than his own: dream a ba táire ná a dhream féin private n.: (in army) saighdiúir singilte problem n.: a hard coal-face was no more a problem to him than a face of mud: ní rabh beinn aige ar bhalla cruaidh guail ach oiread le balla clábair [Mian na Marbh] project n.: beart saothair, mír saothair -proof a.: it is rainproof: tá cosnadh na fearthainne ann ; tá acmhuinn fearthainne ann provide v.: (supply so. with sth.) rud a riar do dhuine pull v.: pull away from (a pursuit): (tóir) a scathadh pull away someone from (holding on to) something: duine a scathadh ó rud pull in, pull away, retract (as of one's limbs, head, etc.): crup pull open: I took hold of the rim of the (squashed) bucket and pulled it open: fuair mé greim béalbhaigh thall is i bhfos ar a' bhucóid agus rinne mé farsaingeach aistí he pulled his hand back: chrup sé a lámh arais [Mo Bhealach Féin 98.10] punctual adj.: tráthamhail punctuality n.: tráthamhlacht (cf. in am agus i dtráth) punishment, penalty, sanction n.: cáipís (f) puppet n.: failleagán ar cheann sreinge purporting adj.: purporting to be Gaelic: ar shéala í bheith i n-a Gaedhilge purpose, n.: fáth, rún, dúthracht pursuit n.: see running fight; pull away from push v.: he pushed up tight against me: ghread sé suas in m'éadan; he pushed the door shut in my face: ghread sé an chómhla amach in m'éadan push off!: gread leat put off v.: it would put you off poetry: chuirfeadh sé fuath na filidheachta fút put off the light: cuir as an solas; múch an solas put on v.: put on the light: las an solas Q quay n.: céidh (f5), gs. na céidheadh, pl. céidheannaí quiet adj.: (silent) ciúin; (of low volume) íseal quick adj.: (fast-moving) gasta; (active, energetic) tapaidh quick-tempered adj.: tobann R race n.: see running fight; pull away from race v.: his heart raced with sudden joy: bhí a chroidhe ag greadadh le lúthgháir thobann rain n.: fearthainn raise v.: I raised my head/eyes: thóg mé mo cheann range n.: (mountain range) droimshliabh firing at close range: scaoileadh de dheas duit Rannafast: Rann na Fearsaide (so pronounced) rattling: ag creafadaigh raven n.: fiach dubh, bran dubh ready adj.: he made/got the plough ready for use: dheisigh sé an tseisreach record n.: that is a record that will never be beaten: thug sin bárr ar a dtáinig agus a dtiocfaidh recoup v.: to recoup one's losses: do bris a thabhairt isteach refer to v.: maoidh refuse v.: loc (eg. of a horse at a jump) he didn't refuse the fight: níor loc sé an troid regarding: regarding your letter: i dtaca le do litir de regrets n.: they had no regrets about having left: bhí siad sásta dá n-imirce, buidheach dá n-imirce regular adj.: as measured, regular as the ticking of a clock: comh tomhaiste le buillí cluig rehearsal n.: réamh-aithris relaxation n.: fun, pleasure: aiteas (m1) release v.: he will be released (from detention): leigfear a cheann leis relieve v.: to relieve someone of a burden: ualach a thógáil de dhuine remote adj.: (of person or place) scaithte remove v.: how did you manage to remove the letters from it: Caidé mar chuaidh agat na leitreacha a bhaint as? renege v.: locadh i rud; gabháil ar do chúl i rud renown n.: cliú rent v.: he has a room available to rent: tá seomra le suidhe aige repair v.: to repair something: deis a chur ar rud replace v.: the dealer replaced it (by a new one): thug an díoltóir ceann úr ina áit he replaced the glass on the table: chuir sé an gloine arais ar an tábla resistant a.: it resists (is proof against) the rain: tá cosnadh na fearthainne ann; tá acmhuinn fearthainne ann rest v.: I rested my oar: leig mé mo rámha le ceathramhain [Mo Bhealach Féin 97.30] restive, unstable, changeable, variable adj.: luaimneach resolve v.: (I resolve to do sth.) cuirim romham resource n.: uirnéis; resource centre - ionad uirnéisí resource n.: money: maoin, saidhbhreas something which facilitates (resource centre, learning resources), a convenience: comhgar natural resources: saidhbhreas nádúrtha (?) fall back on one's own resources: respecter n.: the sea is no respecter of curses: níl beinn ag an fhairrge ar eascainí result n.: as a result of: le linn (also means: while, during the time of) resume v.: to resume one's work: cromadh arais ar an obair reticence n.: (to behave retincently among strangers) coimhthightheas a dheánamh retract v.: (gather in, as of one's limbs) crup revolver n.: roth-phiostal; piostal; gunna beag; gunna póca rheumatism n.: pian chnámh, pian na gcnámh rid adv.: to get rid of someone (following you): duine a scathadh rightful: he was only recovering what was rightfully his: (má thóg sé an t-airgead) bhí sé amuigh aige rim n.: (of bucket) béalbhach; I took hold of the rim of the (squashed) bucket and pulled it open: fuair mé greim béalbhaigh thall is i bhfos ar an bhucóid agus rinne mé fairsingeach aistí ring ouzel (a bird) n.: fraochán rinse v.: to rinse a cloth: éadach a shruthlú to rinse a cup: cupa a shruthlú risk v.: they risked their lives: chuir siad a mbeo i ngeall river n.: abhainn (f3), gs. abhna roll up v.: (sleeves or trouser-legs) cornuigh roller n.: (machinery) roithleán roof n.: it had a glass roof: bhí ceann gloine air rook n.: préachán (m1), préachán dubh room n.: (compartment of building) seomra; (space) áit, farsaingeach, spás rope n.: the sprit-rope of the forward sail: igín a' tseoil tosaigh rubbish n.: (broken and useless bits and pieces) cunamar rug n.: (travelling rug, blanket) cideog run v.: it runs in the family, v. inherit running fight n.: they saw the running fight: chonnaic siad na sgaiteacha S sail n.: the sprit-rope of the forward sail: igín a' tseoil tosaigh hind sails were lowered: leagadh seoltaí deiridh sprits were taken out of fore-sails (to lower them): baineadh pící as seoltaí tosaigh same adj.: you're just the same as ever (you haven't changed): sin mar fuarthas ariamh thú sanction, punishment, penalty n.: cáipís (f) saucepan n.: scileád (m1) gs&npl scileáid; seáspán say v.: he says what he thinks: tá an focal de dheas don chroidhe aige scarce: to make smth scarce (by taking up one's share of it): cumhangail scatter v.: the men scattered: d'imthigh an scaithteach ar na fir a scattered or strung-out pursuit got under way: shín na scaithteacha scattered bands (of people): buidhne scaithte a scattered remnant of his tribe: scíontachán scaithte a threibhe school n.: (building) teach scoile; (abstract institution) scoil scone n.: bonnóg; pl. bonnógaí Scots (language): Albais (cf Alba: Albais) scrap n.: (of paper) liarlóg scratch v.: (of an animal scratching the ground) ag creafadaigh lena chosa scum n.: deposit on surface of liquid: cairt seagull n.: faoileann f2; pl. faoileanna faoileog f2; pl. faoileogaí seat v.: he seated himself on the front of the box: shuidh sé faoi ar thoiseach an bhocsa secretary n.: cléireach na rún, an cléireach rúin [Mo Bhealach Féin 133.11] seize v.: to seize one's opportunity: an áimear a ghiacadh sensitivity n.: (easiness to offend) goilleamhnacht; (perceptiveness of needs of others) tuigse separate v.: when the vessels (which had collided) were separated: nuair a scaitheadh na soithigh ó n-a chéile to separate Ireland from England: Éirinn a scathadh ó Shasain a branch of the family which had separated: tréibh den tsliocht a scaith ar shiubhal to separate the words (by speaking slowly): na focla a scathadh ó n-a chéile to separate the two boys (fighting): an dá ghasúr a scathadh as greamannaí a chéile serve v.: (provide so. with sth.) rud a riar do dhuine set v.: to set the table (for a meal): deis (proinne) a chur ar an tábla shake v.: (rinse, shake something in water to clean it) sruthluigh to shake someone off (e.g. a pursuer, a competitor, someone clinging on to you): duine a scathadh shaking adj.: the floor was shaking: bhí an t-urlár ag creafadaigh shape n.: (esp. of person) cruthaidheacht, feagraidheacht the thing which imposed shape on the size: an rud a thug deis agus cuimireacht don toirt share out v.: rann sharpen v.: sharpening stone: cloch líomhtha shawl n.: cideog, seál shed v.: the horse shed a shoe: scaith an beathach crúdh wind will make ripe corn shed its grain: an coirce atá apuighthe, má thig gaoth air scaithfidh sé sheep n.: caora, pl. caoirigh shilling n.: scilling, pl. scillingeacha shingle n.: (gravel) scaineagán shock n.: my heart stopped (with the shock): d'fhág an croidhe a áit agam (leis an scannradh a fuair mé) short adj.: (e.g. of cloth) giortach; short measure: tomhas giortach gearr, goirid show v.: teisint show it to me: leig domh a fheiceáil; teisin damh é shower n.: (of rain) cioth shrink v.: crup shrunken adj.: (of person, e.g. with age; or of cloth) crupaighthe shy adj.: don't be shy (among strangers): ná deán coimhighteas sight n.: he was short-sighted: bhí radharc/amharc de dheas dó aige silence n.: ciunas simple adj.: (plain, unpretentious) something simpler would do: dheánfadh rud a ba táire gnoithe sing v.: to sing a song: amhrán a cheol, amhrán a rádh NTAO: canadh (which means to say or to chant or to drone on) singing n.: ceol sketchy adj.: (incomplete, vague) scabthach skin n.: (deposit on surface of liquid) cairt slam v.: slamming the furnace doors: ag greadadh dhorsa na sorn slap v.: he was slapped on the hands: greadadh a dhá bhos slip v.: his grip slipped: scaith a ghreim slosh v.: the noise of dishes and water being sloshed around: tormán soitheach agus uisge dá sruthlughadh slow adj.: (slow on one's feet) spadánta smarting n.: greadfach smash v.: being smashed against rocks: ghá ghreadadh in éadan carraigeach smattering n.: a smattering of English: cunamar beag Béarla smoke n.: toit f2 snap n.: (of fingers) blasc snatch v.: to snatch something from someone's grasp: rud a scathadh as greim duine sneeze n.: srólfach [Séamus Mhac G], sróthfach [Seosamh Mhac G], sraothfach [Seaghán Mhac M], srófartach [Seaghán Mhac M] snipe n.: mionnán aeir [Jane Nic Daeid, Learg na Larcán] soak v.: (soak up, absorb) ól; it had soaked up the sea-water: bhí an sáile ólta aige sod n.: (of earth) fód, pl. fóide soft adj.: (of texture) bog; (of sound) íseal solitary adj.: (standing apart) scaithte song n.: amhrán (pron. abhrán); songs (collective): ceoltaí sort (=kind) n.: seort (m) he's not one of our sort: ní dár gcaoirigh é sort out v.: to get something sorted out (ie. arranged satisfactorily): deis a chur ar rud they had everything sorted out (to their satisfaction): bhí deis ar dóigh orthu soul n.: anam (m3), pl. anamnacha (Donegal, Mayo), anamacha (Kerry, Caighdeán) soup n.: sugh. Sugh means a liquid extract, hot or cold; besides soup, it also covers juice, jam, gravy. These are distinguished by adjectival qualification: sugh ubhaill, sugh milis, etc. Compare subh, a berry (eg. strawberry, raspberry). NTAO: anraith speak v.: he spoke the truth: chan sé an fhírinne speech n. cainnt, cuid cainnte (ie. one's choice of words, not one's voice) "Ba i n-a chuid cainte a bhí an buidheachas agus chan i n-a ghlór." — Caiftín Blood (1937), lch 63. (The gratitude was in his words rather than in his tone.) cf also Pádraic Ó Conaire agus Aistí Eile (1936), lch 179. speechless adj.: he was rendered speechless: thréig an chainnt é spire n.: cloigtheach (spuaic means a blister) splash n.: sceaird, sceairdeog splashing n.: sluparnach sport n.: spórs spot n.: in (quite) a spot of bother: i ngéibheann (chruaidh, trom) spread v.: leath spring n.: (spring of water) fuarán (jump) léim (elastic spring) ... squash v.: I fell over the bucket and squashed the sides of it together: thuit mé ar a' bhucóid agus bhrúigh mé a dhá taoibh ar a chéile stage n.: (elevated area) leibheann stand v.: stand back!: seas amach! he can't stand the cold: níl acmhuinn fuaicht ann they couldn't stand swearing: ní rabh acfuinn ar mhionna móra acu to stand up for someone, ie. to deflect criticism from them: maide as uisce a thógáil do dhuine star, shooting n.: réalt reatha [Jane Nic Daeid, Learg na Larcán] start n.: (I gave a start, involuntarily) chlis mé suas; baineadh cliseadh asam (I gave a start, deliberately) thug mé urróg start v.: (he started forward in his chair) thug sé urróg aniar sa chathaoir stick v.: (he can't stick cold) níl acmhuinn fuaicht ann sticker n.: greamán sting v.: the whipcord was stinging him: bhí an sreangán ag baint greadfach as; the snow stung his tongue: bhain an sneachta gread as a theangaidh stomp v.: he stomped out of the room: ghread sé leis amach as an tseomra stone n.: sharpening stone: cloch líomhtha; megalith, stone memorial, cairn: leacht(a), m. gs. leachta, pl. leachtaí gravestone (horizontal): leac gravestone (vertical): tumba stop v.: what's to stop me doing it?: caidé bhéadh orm gan a dheánamh? strange adj.: strange to relate: gidh gur shaoitheamhail leat é (le rádh) stranger things have happened: fiche sgéal a b'iongantaighe [Mo Bhealach Féin 66.23] stream n.: small mountain stream, ravine in which stream flows: allt strength n.: urradh (m1) Wallace reviewed his little army to see their capability/strength: Sgairt Wallace amach ar a arm beag go bhfeicead sé a n-acfhuinn stretched tight adj.: keep the rope tight: coinnigh an rópa righte strike v.: the hand-grenade struck the side of the lorry: greadadh an granád láimhe in éadan thaobh an loiridh; striking out wildly: ag greadadh gan stuaim gan réasún striking with his pickaxe at the coal-face: ag greadadh lena phiocóid ar bhalla an ghuail strong adj.: the men of our village were too strong (numerous) for them: bhí cuid fear a' bhaile s'againne tiugh aca style n.: the Roman style: deis na Róimhe succeed v.: I succeeded in shaking them (the pursuers) off: chuaidh agam a scathadh; how did you succeeed in removing the letters from it: Caidé mar chuaidh agat na leitreacha a bhaint as? such adv.: so great was the weakness that affected him: ar mhéad 's bhí de lagar air suffer v.: ability to take (suffer) punishment: acmhuinn buailte sugar n.: siúchra suit v.: his name was not ill-suited to him: níor bh'olc a thainig a shloinneadh dó suitable adv.: fóirsteanach NTAO: oiriúnach convenient, user-friendly: soghail (CO: sóúil) summon v.: he summoned the secretary: ghoir sé chuige ar an rúnaidhe supply v.: rud a riar do dhuine suppress v.: I suppressed a smile as well as I could manage: choinnigh mé an aoibh de mo ghruaidh comh maith agus tháinig liom they suppressed the urge to laugh: rinne siad rún ar na gáirí sure: (expressing vehement doubt) sure he did! tá fhios agam go dtearn! surreal adv.: it was surreal: bhí an saoghal eadar a chodladh agus a mhusgladh agam [Mo Bhealach Féin 94.16] susceptible adv.: an ill person is more susceptible to vermin than a healthy person: bíonn duine breoidhte níos tugtha de áirnéis ná duine folláin swaying (gently or violently): ag creafadaigh swirl v.: he swirled the cup (containing water); shruthluigh sé an cupa T tag n.: (fastener) clib, sreangán take v.: to take one's opportunity: an áimear a ghlacadh ability to take a joke: acmhuinn grinn ability to absorb (take) punishment: acfuinn buailte talk v.: (she went on and on) chan sí léithe tame adj.: a tame animal: beathach clóidhte tame adjectives: aidiachtaí táire tanner n.: tonnadóir tanning n.: cartadh leathair; tonnadh seicheann teach v.: teagasc teacher n.: (male) maighistir; (female) maighistreas tell v.: innis: tell me what happened: innis domh caidé tharla can: it was you who spoke truly: is tú a chan an fhírinne temple n.: (temple of head): camóg araidhe tend v.: to tend land, crops, peat: talamh, bárr, móin a ghiollacht terror n.: it will hold no terror for you again: ní bhéidh beinn agat air feasta test n.: (examination) scrúdú, triail; sound-test: dearbhú fuaime thaw n.: cascairt think v.: what do you think about it?: goidé do bharamhail dó? you would think to look at it: dhéanfá amach this dem.adj.: this country of Ireland: an tír seo na h-Éireann thrifty adj.: a thrifty housekeeper: bean toighe thábhachtach chríonna through prep.: fríd, thríd throw down v.: he threw down the sack: ghread sé síos an sac throw out v.: they were thrown out of the town: greadadh amach as an bhaile iad tidy up v.: we tidied up the garden/bed/grave: chuir muid deis ar an gharraí/leabaidh/uaigh tinge n.: (of colour) imir title n.: teideal m1 (pl teidil) to prep.: (before a verb, indicating purpose) le (never chun): he chose that valley to dwell in: thogh sé an gleann sin lena chomhnaidhe a dheánamh ann (of time) go dtí: a quarter to two: ceathrú go dtí a dó (towards a named place not beginning with the article) go: to Dublin: go Bail' Átha Cliath; to Gortahork: go Gort a' Choirce; to Derrybeg: go Doirí Beaga (towards a named place beginning with the article) chun: to Dungloe: chun a' Chlocháin Léith; to Bunbeg: chun a' Bhuna Bhig; to Doochary: chun na Dubhcharadh to Glenties: chun na nGleanntach alternatively "go dtí": go dtí 'n Clochán Liath, srl. (beneficial) do: give it to my brother: tabhair do mo dheartháir é to her: daoithe, to them: daobhtha toad n.: buaf (f2), gs. buaife tolerate v.: they couldn't tolerate swearing: ní rabh acfuinn ar mhionna móra acu tongue n.: teangaidh (f), gs. teangtha, pl. teangthacha tool n.: oirnéis, uirnéis; pl. oirnéisí, uirnéisí (CO: uirlis) touch n.: out of touch with the people: scaithte ó na daoine tough adj.: (hardy) righin tá an cat righin: cats are tough, hardy (Learg na Larcán) trailing: to leave someone trailing (in a race, chase): duine a scathadh train v.: (induce to behave as desired) he could not train his hair to lie flat: ní thiocfadh leis a chuid gruaige a chlódhadh le fanacht ina luighe traitor n.: fealltóir treachery n.: feall (f2) gs feille treat v.: (eg. medically) friothálamh a thabhairt do dhuine, freastal ar dhuine treatment n.: (eg. medical) friothálamh/freastal (doctúra) trial n.: they were on trial: bhí siad ar a bhfiacháil trim v.: to trim one's hair, beard: do ghruag, fhéasóg a bhearradh; to trim a hedge: claidhe tom a bhearradh trimmer n.: bearradóir; hedge trimmer: bearradóir tuim trouble n.: they looked as if they would have no bother with the examination: bhí cuma orthu nach mbéadh beinn ar bith acu ar an scrúdú [Nuair a Bhí Mé Óg] in deep trouble: i ngéibheann (chruaidh, trom) trough n.: (opposed to crest) eitre while the boat was in a trough between two waves: fhad is bhí an bád 'na luighe i ngleann eadar dhá thuinn trowel n.: liathán a mortar-board (headgear, sarcastic): liathán gan chois trust v.: I wouldn't trust him with my money: ní thaobhfainn mo chuid airgid leis truth n.: to stand the truth on its head: an fhírinne a chur amach glan as a riocht try v.: fiach, vn. fiacháil: did you try (to do) it? ar fhiach tú leis? did you try it (out)? (e.g. a drink) ar fhiach tú é? trying to get up: ag iarraidh éirghe he tried to smile: thug sé iarraidh draothadh gáire a dheánamh what he was trying to say: an rud a bhí sé a mhaoidheamh NTAO: trial a bhaint as turn v.: he turned a little wheel (control): bhain sé casadh as rotha beag baoideach type v.: cló-scríobhadh; n. (variety): cineál, seórt U unable adv.: I couldn't get the suitcase closed: ní rabh dul agam an mála a dhrod [Mo Bhealach Féin 21.14] uncovered adj.: ris under prep.: faoi understanding n.: tuigbheáil; (insight) tuigse unemployed adj.: to be unemployed: a bheith in do thost [Mo Bhealach Féin 167.29, 173.12] uniform adj.: (the same throughout) coimhionann [Faoi Chrann Smola] unmistakeable adj.: he was unmistakeable: d'aithneóchthá é dá mbíodh a leath dóighte [Mo Bhealach Féin 95.2, 220.21] unpretentious (of an object) adj.: the most unpretentious of them: an ceann is táire aca unravel v.: rois unstable, changeable, restive, variable adj.: luaimneach use v.: use the key (to open the door): fiach an eochair (leis an doras a fhoscladh) why was it being used: cad chuig a rabhthar de (handle) he knows how to use a gun: tuigeann sé an dóigh le gunna a láimhdeachas easy to use: furas a láimhdeachas used to adj.: used to heat/hardship: clóidhte leis an teas/chruaidhteán V vanish v.: he vanished, disappeared, left suddenly: thug sé na bonnaí as variable, unstable, changeable, restive adj.: luaimneach variety n.: (difference) éagsamhlacht; (kind) cineál, seórt vermin n.: (fleas, lice, etc.) áirnéis; miala (pl. of mial) version n.: they told their own version of events: chuir siad an deis a d'fhóir daobhtha féin ar ar thárluigh vibrating: ag creafadaigh virgin n.: maighdean (ban., gs. maighdeana) vision n.: (imaginary experience) fís; (attractive sight) aisling; (ability to see) radharc voice n.: glór "Ba i n-a chuid cainte a bhí an buidheachas agus chan i n-a ghlór." — Caiftín Blood (1937), lch 63. (The gratitude was in his words rather than in his tone.) cf also Pádraic Ó Conaire agus Aistí Eile (1936), lch 179. vowel, n.: guthaidhe W waist n.: up to his waist in water: amuigh go dtí n-a chaoldruim san uisge [Lisín 30.15] want v.: what do you want with me?: cad chuige a bhfuil tú domh? warm to v.: (to become friendly with someone) clódhadh le duine wasp n.: seilleán watch v.: (look out) faithchill watch to your left: faithchill do chlé water v.: my teeth were watering: bhí uisce le mo chár wave n.: (of the sea) tonn (m1), pl tonnaí waving: (of a flag, of anything raised into the air and mvong forwards and backwards) ag creafadaigh way n.: (manner) dóigh; that's the way he did it: sin an dóigh a rinne sé é. how? what way?: caidé an dóigh? (road) bealach Use of "bealach" is confined in Ulster Gaelic to the "road" sense; it is not an equivalent for English "way" in other senses. weakness n.: men and their weaknesses: daoine agus na leannáin a bhí ortha [Lisín 333.30] wean v.: (remove a young animal from its mother): scaith unweaned: gan scathadh wear v.: worn through use: caithte maol ar mhéad is fuair sé de láimhdeachas weed v.: lustan a bhaint, lustan a ghlanadh weeds (collective) n.: lustan weir n.: caraidh (f. gs. caradh) Ballycarry, Knocknacarry (Co Antrim), an Dubhcharaidh (Co Donegal); the suuh of the Karrey [Tyrone Folk Quest 1973 p 21] (compare, for Connacht: the cara or causeway of Muighinis; Cara Droma Rúisc — Carrick on Shannon; for Scotland: Achadh na Caraidh, Lochaber) well-behaved adj.: tábhachtach múinte well-doing adj.: tábhachtach críonna well-known adj.: cliúiteach what? interrog.: what did it matter to him, what was it to him? (= how was he the worse off for it): cár mhiste dó é? (= how did he consider himself the worse off for it): cár mhiste leisean é? when? interrog.: ca h-uair? where? interrog.: ca h-áit? while (= a short time) n.: tamallt (m1) whisker n.: within a whisker of: de dheas go maith do who? interrog.: cé? why? interrog.: cad chuige? wild adj.: fiadhain; wild flower: lus, lus fiadhain wind in, wind up v.: corn withdraw v.: (eg. from an agreement) loc wither v.: the tops had withered from the potatoes: bhí na prátaí scaithte de na bárra wood n.: (area of trees) coillidh (f5), gs coilleadh (material) adhmad made from a piece of wood: déanta de mhaide work v.: (handle, operate) easy to work: furas a láimhdeachas work n.: to be out of work: a bheith in do thost [Mo Bhealach Féin 167.29, 173.12] world n.: to set the world to rights: deis a chur ar gach uile rud ó neamh go hÁrainn worm n.: cuiteog worry n.: (friendly concern) beinn an bhfuil beinn agat orm? do you worry about me? níl beinn ar a n-anam acu: they do not worry about their souls worth adv.: it wasn't worth all his trouble: níor bh'fhiú dó a leithéid de shaothar a fhagháil would v.: why wouldn't I do it? (what's to stop me doing it?): caidé bhéadh orm gan a dheánamh? how would it be yours? (what would make it yours? how do you make out that it belongs to you?): caidé d'fhágfadh gur leat-sa é? wreck n.: a wrecked ship: cunamar luinge wrestle v.: I'll wrestle you: bhéarfaidh mé car duit wretched adj.: (of poverty-striken person) deileoir wrinkle n.: (facial; or furrow of brow) ruic (ban., pl. ruicne/ruicní/ruicneacha) write v.: (commit to writing) scríobh; (compose, create) cum X Y year n.: bliadhain (f3), gs. bliadhna, pl. bliadhantaí your poss. adj.: (singular) do (plural) mur youth n.: (period of life) óige; Oisín in the Land of Youth: Oisín i dTír na hÓige Z Notes on some Ulster Irish words acfainn (also: acmhuinn): tolerance of adversity, resistance to adversity, ability to withstand adversity, durability acfuinn fuaicht/teasa: ability to tolerate (stick, stand) cold/heat, resistance to cold/heat ní rabh acfuinn ag Domhnall aon bheathach cheathair chosach a leigean trasna ar a chuid talaimh: Domhnall couldn't stand any four-legged animal coming on his land ní rabh acfuinn ar mhionna móra acu: they couldn't stand swearing ní rabh acfuinn aige ar an fhírinne a chluinstin: he couldn't face hearing the truth acfuinn grinn: sense of humour, ability to take a joke acfuinn buailte: ability to absorb (take) punishment bád a bhfuil acfuinn ar fhairrge throm aici: a boat that can cope with high seas luach a chur ar do chuid earraí do réir mar tá acfuinn ag na customóirí: to price your goods as high as the customers will stand caithfidh sé [éideadh catha] a bheith sár-acmhuineach: it [suit of armour] must be of excellent proof (Flatha na h-Alban lch 40) Sgairt Wallace amach ar a arm beag go bhfeicead sé a n-acfhuinn: Wallace reviewed his little army to see their capability/strength bhí siad ar bheagán acfuinne: their strength/capability/resource was limited tá acmhuinn mhaith ag cáilidheacht ríoghamhail an fhir seo ar chostas na h-umhlaidheachta seo: the kingly quality of this man is sufficient to readily withstand any erosion due to his humility/can well afford the expense of this humility aite: pleasant (not: strange); "b'aite liom féin a bheith 'r thaoibh mhalaidh shléibhe" "b'aite le Nóra pis agus pónair, b'aite le Nóra branndaí" "codladh go headaradh a b'aite liom féin" "dá mbínn 'n mo tháilliúr ná 'n mo ghabha, 'n mo ghréasaí bróg a b'aite liom" cf aiteas: "do shúil ghorm ghlé fár thréig mé aiteas is suairc'" árd: high; (of sound) loud, high-volume beart: protective garment: ceann-bheart (headgear), cois-bheart (footwear), luirg-bheart (leggings), meall-bheart, leis-bheart (breeches), muineál-bheart beart: a deed; droch-bheart, mí-bheart: an ill-deed; cúil-bheart: manipulation, manoeuvring; cruaidh-bheart: heavy undertaking deán beart do réir do bhriathair: practice what you preach a plan, plot, dodge, ruse, idea: b'ionann is ár mbeart a nochtadh: it would give away our plan a parcel, packet: oifig na mbeart: parcels office; lód na mbeart: the mails a bundle: beart muirinighe: a bundle of straw (eg. for thatching); beart féir beinn: 1. fear of hardship (weather, hard work, hunger, etc.) they are not afraid of bad weather: níl beinn acu ar an doininn 2. respectful fear of person etc. he has no fear of God: níl beinn aige ar Dhia 3. friendly worry, concern; do you concern yourself about me, do you worry about me? an bhfuil beinn agat orm? they do not worry about their souls: níl beinn ar a n-anam acu cairt f.: bark (of tree); thin layer, coating, skin, deposit, crust, scum; map: cairt iúil ceol: music inc. song; ceoltaí: songs claidhe: a ditch or wall around fields or gardens: usually of solid material (c. cloch, fód, leacach, créafóige, gainimhe), but also c.sceach, c.aitinnighe clár: a board or plank of wood; by extension, something with a smooth flat hard surface, eg. a scoreboard, or in a computer context, a keyboard (méarchlár) or a monitor screen (clàr in Scotland). by dubious extension, a list displayed on such a surface, such as a menu, a concert programme, an agenda (dubious because, while "caidé tá ar an chlár?" is a natural way to ask "what is on the menu/programme/agenda", "clár" should be understood as referring to the display medium, not to the information displayed; worse still is the further extension of "clár" as a slot-in equivalent for the English word "program(me)", in usages such as a match programme, a television programme, or a computer program, none of which have the attributes of a "clár" — whereas the context often offers other aspects which come more readily to mind as referents of the word "clár". Suggested alternatives are duilleog/leabhrán an chluiche, prógram teilifíse, ríomh-oideas.) chlis mé: I gave a start; (baineadh cliseadh asam) chlis orm: I failed (Ó Brógáin amháin) creafadaigh: flapping, fluttering, waving, swaying, shaking, vibrating, quivering, cowering, palpitating an píosa a stróc an cliabh as druim a shean-chasóige crochta leis agus é ag creafadaigh ins an ghaoith (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) buaileadh sála cruadhacha ar an urlár go dtí go rabh an dair ag lúbarnaigh agus ag creafadaigh mar b^héadh saileog ann (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) Agus bhí an tor dubh sin ag damhsa agus ag creafadaigh go h-iongantach nó bhí néall as Tír na hÓige ag tuitim ar an fhaireachán uaigneach (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) ..an carrfhiadh a' creafadaigh lena chosa (Feilimidh Dhomhnaill) ÓD: creathadaigh. cornán n.: cornán nótaí — a roll of banknotes; cornán rópa — a coil of rope crup: shrink, gather in, draw in, "stooped" shoulders, "bent" legs (in computing) crupadh: compression; leathadh: decompression Chrup a ghuailneacha agus chaolaigh a chnámha agus sheangaigh a chliabhlach. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) Ar feadh tamaill fhada bhí an dá ghlúin a bhí rud beag crupaighthe, ós cionn an ghainimh, agus an fhéasóg ag gobadh aníos. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) Chaith Cathal uadh an spád agus chaith sé é féin síos ar an uaigh, a dhá láimh crupaighthe fá n-a cheann, agus é fuaighte de'n talamh ina phianaigh. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) crupán ar na buaibh (Bríd Bhán); Loch a' Chrupáin ÓD: crap cuifeallán: small group of people gathered together Chuaidh siad isteach an tráigh, agus chuaidh siad thart le cúig nó sé chuifealláin daoiní, a bhí ag tarraingt ar an oileán go ndéanadh siad an turas. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) Tháinig an pobal amach i ndiaidh an Aifrinn agus chruinnigh siad thart 'na gcuifealláin a chómhrádh. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) D'fhágadh cuid eile an cuifeallán agus d'imthigheadh siad 'na' bhaile. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) Cuifeallán beag daoine thall sa tsráid (Tír Eoghain) ÓD: comhthionól cunamar: a few words of poor English: cunamar beag Béarla, a few pounds: cunamar beag airgid a heap or jumble of broken or unfinished or useless things, junk, wreckage; (in computing) waste(basket), trash(can) Rug mé ar mo dheilbh féin agus thóg mé de'n bhonn a bhí faoithe í, agus sháith mé isteach imeasg chunamar de dheilbh leath-dhéanta í. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) D'éirigh siad [Sléibhte Thír Chonaill] roimhe eadar an meadhon-lae agus an neoin, fá n-a gcuid sleasa fada gorm-cheodhacha, néaltai neimhe ag siabadh fá na mbathais mar bhéadh folt fionn fada ag scabadh le síon, iad gágach le srutháin agus giobach le fraoch agus garbh le scileach agus le cruadh-c^hunamar creagach. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) An fear a bhris crann darach, ní méadughadh do n-a chliú cunamar a dhéanamh de shlat shaileoige. (An Grádh agus an Ghruaim) ÓD: conamar curr: a projecting edge or corner ar churr an dreisiúir: on the edge of the dresser ar chorr na cathaoire: on the edge of the chair curr na beinne: the edge of the cliff bhí an bonn ag imtheacht ar a churr: the coin was rolling on its edge bhí curr ar a bhríste comh géar le béal sgine: he had a sharp crease in his trousers bheith ar do churr: to be alert deisigh: repair; (in computing) edit deochbhaidh/dioghbhaidh: rud/duine a thabhairt don dioghbhaidh: to sacrifice sth/so voluntarily not exactly: to reconcile oneself to the loss of sth/so; to give up sth/so for lost doras m.: door [gs. dorais; pl. dorsaí]; Na Dorsaí = Dorsey, Co Armagh variant gp. dorsach; Cúirt dhorsach Dhún na nGall variant dp. dorsaibh dual: usual, natural, expected chan dual grian gan scáile (North Antrim): you don't expect sunshine without shadow; ba dual de'n gháir sin dhá thaoibh an ghleanna a ghreadadh ar a chéile: the cheer was fit to knock the two sides of the glen together níor dhual dó é: it was not in his nature ba dual sinnsear dó é: he gets it from his people faithche f.: a green area esp. public, e.g. a fair green or playing field fál: a ditch or field-wall, common in Donegal placeames but rare in contemporary works faoi: under (not: about) fraochán m.: ring ouzel fraochóg f.: bilberry fuighleach/fuigheallach m.: remainder, balance; remains, leavings; superfluity, excessive quantity. fuinneog f.: window; iol, fuinneogaí gaibhte (not: gabhtha): captured gasúr, pl. gasraí: boy géar: (of sound) high-pitched giollacht: biadh a ghiollacht - to prepare, cook food; daoine a ghiollacht - to guide, direct people; daimhseoirí a ghiollacht - to "call" a dance, i.e. direct the dancers talamh, bárr, móin a ghiollacht - to attend to land, crops, peat gléas: íseal: low; (of sound) soft, low-volume lár: ground, floor leacht(a) m., pl. leachtaí: a megalith or carn léana m.: a green flat area of land, often beside the sea or beside a river; a playing field, a lawn locaim: I renege, refuse, withdraw, back out, back down cáin loctha – penalty for withdrawal ??? luach: value or price luaimneach: changeable, restive, unstable, variable mullóg f.: a heap or raised area; mullóg shléibhe: a heap-like mountain préachán m.: a rook (called a crow in Hiberno-English); whereas a grey crow (scald-crow, hooded crow) is feannóg scaiteacha pl.: a running fight scaithim: 1. I pull away from, drop, shake off, leave well behind, leave trailing in my wake (a pursuer, a landmark) Chuaidh agam a scathadh. Scaith siad Rinn Chliabháin. Ní rabh an rása i bhfad ar obair go rabh an chuid eile scaithte. Sin feadóg bhocht a scaitheadh ó n-a cuid comrádaidhthe. 2. I separate, free, break free Léim mo dhuine bocht eadar na ba a's an chontabhairt a's chuaidh 'á scathadh. Dá scaitheadh sibh an sléigh sin amach as an oidhreogaigh... Nuair a scaitheadh na soithigh ó n-a chéile... Scaith an bád í féin (the boat floated off the rocks) Crudh a scathadh, to shed a horseshoe. Cnaipe a scathadh, to lose a button. Bhí sí ag iarraidh í féin a sgathadh as lámha an fhir a rabh greim aige uirthe: she was trying to break away from the man who was holding her seanadh m.: sense of loyalty, sense of gratitude ar s(h)on: for the sake of (a person, cause, etc); in exchange, compensation for (a thing) sliocht: (1) descendents, seed of (2) bhí a shiocht air: the inevitable consequence of his action followed not found in meaning "extract, excerpt" spuaic: blister (a spire is cloigtheach) sruthlú: to rinse, to clean by shaking in water teinidh f.: gs. teineadh; pl. teintí; a fire toighte (not: tofa): chosen, elected tom: gs&pl toim; a bush: t.cuilinn, t.dreasóg, t.aitinnighe, t.droighin, t.cuill; a clump: t.cnádáin, t.raithnighe, t.caonaigh tor: gs&pl toir; a sea-stack; a tower; a bush or small tree; tor aitinnighe: a whin-bush trí: three (not: through) ua: m.: pl uaí; a grandchild (CO: ó); fionn-ua, a great-grandchild; dubh-ua, a great-great-grandchild; iar-ua, a descendant; tá siad an dá ua: they are second cousins tá siad ua agus fionn-ua: they are second cousins once removed tá siad clann as ua: they are first cousins once removed níl siad ar na huaí le chéile: they are not on good terms ulaidh f5: gs uladh, pl ulaidheacha; penitential station (CO: ula) usaid f2.: gs usaide, pl usaideacha, gpl usaideach; a barrel, hogshead urróg f2.: a lunge, lurch, sudden movement Donegal pronunciations and local dialect words: bliadhain: year (dhn pronounced nn - not as n - in oblique form bliadhna) (Gleann Fhinne – Ultach 29:9:3) groiseog: gooseberry (Fánaid – Ultach 33:4:5) seachtmhain: week (mh so pronounced) (Gleann Fhinne — Ultach 31:1:11) síon: nothing (in negative sentences) (Fánaid — Ultach 27:7:1) srubhán: cockle (Cloch Cheann-Fhaolaidh – Ultach 33:4:5) Words which are frequently neglected to be accented on the first syllable: comórtas amhránaíocht (Ulster Irish for "singing" is "ceol") oiriúnach (Ulster Irish is "fóirsteanach") Regular verb paradigms: Note the following Ulster features. 1. Future and conditional of 2nd conjugation: the ch is clearly heard: ceannóchaidh, cheannóchadh, srl. 2. dóigh, báigh, léigh. srl. The igh is clearly heard, eg. in present tense: léighim (NOT léim), léigheann in past autonomous: dóigheadh (NOT dódh) 3. díol, cuir, bheir, srl. When an ending in -t- is added, the t is frequently lenited: imperfect autonomous: dhíolthaí, chuirthí, bheirthí 4. Second conjugation: verbal adjective is frequently formed with -iste: cóiriste, cruinniste, coinniste 5. First conjugation: verbal adjective frequently has -í added: glacthaí 6. Verbal nouns in -áil frequently have -t suffixed: fágáilt, coinneáilt Irregular verb paradigms: deán: imperative: deán, deánaigí (subjunctive: go ndeánaidh sé, go ndeánadh sé) present: ghní sé, an ndeánann sé (imperfect: ghnidheadh sé, an ndeánadh sé) past: rinne sé, an dtearn sé future: dheánfaidh sé, an ndeánfaidh sé (conditional: dheánfadh sé, an ndeánfadh sé) verbal noun: deánamh; verbal adjective: deánta An rud a tchídh an páiste, ghnídh an páiste. feic: imperative: none (action is involuntary); look is amharc or dearc (subjunctive: go bhfeicidh sé, go bhfeiceadh sé) present: tchí sé, an bhfeiceann sé (imperfect: tchidheadh sé, an bhfeiceadh sé) past: chonnaic sé, an bhfaca sé future: tchífidh sé, an bhfeicfidh sé (conditional: tchífeadh sé, an bhfeicfeadh sé) verbal noun: feiceáil; verbal adjective: not used (I have seen = chonnaic mé) An rud a tchídh an páiste, ghnídh an páiste. tabhair: imperative: tabhair, tugaigí (subjunctive: go dtugaidh sé, go dtugadh/dtabharadh sé?) present: bheir sé, an dtugann sé (imperfect: bheireadh sé, an dtugadh sé) past: thug sé, an dtug sé (NOT ar thug); ní thug, nach dtug, go dtug, sula dtug) future: bhéarfaidh sé, an dtabharfaidh sé (conditional: bhéarfadh sé, an dtabharfadh sé) verbal noun: tabhairt; verbal adjective: tugtha faigh: imperative: faigh, faighigí (subjunctive: go bhfaighidh sé, go bhfaigheadh sé) present: gheibh sé, an bhfaghann sé (imperfect: gheibheadh sé, an bhfaghadh sé) past: fuair sé, an bhfuair sé future: gheobhaidh sé, an bhfuighidh sé (conditional: gheobhadh sé, an bhfuigheadh sé) verbal noun: fagháil; verbal adjective: faighte tar: imperative: tar, taraigí (subjunctive: go dtaraidh/dtigidh sé?, go dtaradh/dtigeadh sé?) present: thig sé, an dtig sé (imperfect: thigeadh sé, an dtigeadh sé) past: tháinig sé, an dtáinig sé (NOT ar tháinig); ní tháinig, nach dtáinig, go dtáinig, sula dtáinig future: tiocfaidh sé, an dtiocfaidh sé (conditional: thiocfadh sé, an dtiocfadh sé) verbal noun: teacht; verbal adjective: none (verb is intransitive; I have come = tháinig mé) note: "tag" is not used in any tense téidh: imperative: téidh/gabh, téidhigí/gabhaigí present: théid sé, an dtéid sé (imperfect: théidheadh sé, an dtéidheadh sé) past: chuaidh sé, an dteachaidh sé future: rachaidh sé, an rachaidh sé (conditional: rachadh sé, an rachadh sé) verbal noun: goil; verbal adjective: none (verb is intransitive; I have gone = chuaidh mé) cluin: imperative: should be none as action is involuntary (listen is éist), but cluin is sometimes used present: chluin sé, an gcluin sé (ending -eann sometimes added) (imperfect: chluineadh sé, an gcluineadh sé) past: chuala sé, an gcuala sé (not usually ar chuala sé, but it is sometimes used); ní chuala, nach gcuala, go gcuala; sula gcuala future: cluinfidh sé, an gcluinfidh sé (conditional: chluinfeadh sé, an gcluinfeadh sé) verbal noun: cluinstin; verbal adjective: ? abair: imperative: abair, abraigí (subjunctive: go n-abraidh sé, go n-abradh sé) present: deir sé, an abrann sé (imperfect: deireadh sé, an abradh sé) past: dubhairt sé, ar dhubhairt sé (an ndubhairt sé); níor dhubhairt, nár dhubhairt, gur dhubhairt, sular dhubhairt future: deirfidh sé, an abóraidh sé (conditional: déarfadh sé, an abóradh sé verbal noun: rádh/ráidht; verbal adjective: ráidhte ith: future: íosfaidh sé (conditional: d'íosfadh sé) fág: future: fágfaidh/fuígfidh sé (conditional: d'fhágfadh/d'fhuígfeadh sé) marbh: future: muirbhfidh sé (conditional: mhuirbhfeadh sé) bí: note the following Ulster forms: present relative: a bíos (ie. unlenited); a bídh is sometimes found before "sé", "sí", "sibh", "siad" present autonomous: bíthear, ní bhíthear, a bíthear (direct), a mbíthear (indirect) past autonomous: bhíthear, ní rabhthar, a bhíthear (direct), a rabhthar (indirect)